Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It infects the mucous membranes of the genitals, rectum, throat, and eyes, and can affect individuals of all genders. Early detection and treatment are critical to prevent complications such as infertility and systemic infection.
Overview of Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea spreads primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It is especially common among sexually active individuals aged 15–24.
Though often asymptomatic in its early stages, untreated gonorrhea can lead to serious reproductive and systemic issues, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. Gonorrhea can also facilitate HIV transmission if co-infection is present.
Symptoms of Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea symptoms vary between individuals and may include:
- Unusual genital discharge (yellow, green, or white)
- Painful or burning sensation during urination
- Increased vaginal bleeding (especially between periods)
- Pelvic or abdominal pain
- Swollen lymph nodes in the groin
- Infections in the rectum or throat (less common, often asymptomatic)
Some people may remain asymptomatic, especially in early infection stages.
Gonorrhea: Causes and Risk Factors
Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, typically spread through:
- Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, oral)
- Multiple or new sexual partners
- Past or current STIs, such as chlamydia
- A weakened immune system
- Lack of routine STI screening and prevention methods
When to See a Doctor for Gonorrhea?
You should seek medical care if you experience:
- Persistent or unusual discharge or urinary pain
- Ongoing pelvic or abdominal discomfort
- Symptoms following unprotected sex or exposure to a potentially infected partner
Emergency symptoms like chest pain, fainting, or confusion should be treated immediately, as they may signal a systemic complication.
Related Terms
- Chlamydia
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- HIV
