HIV infection refers to the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the body. This virus weakens the immune system by targeting and destroying CD4 T-cells, which are critical for fighting infections. If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a severe stage of immune suppression.
Overview of HIV Infection
HIV is a chronic viral infection transmitted primarily through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Unlike temporary viral illnesses, HIV requires long-term management to prevent immune system deterioration.
With early diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV can live long, healthy lives. Modern treatment suppresses viral replication, reducing the virus to undetectable levels and minimizing the risk of transmission.
Symptoms of HIV Infection
The progression of HIV infection can be categorized into three stages:
Acute HIV infection (2–4 weeks after exposure):
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Sore throat
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Rash
Chronic HIV infection (clinical latency):
- Often asymptomatic
- Slow decline of immune function
AIDS (advanced stage):
- Rapid weight loss
- Night sweats
- Prolonged fever
- Skin lesions
- Recurrent infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis)
HIV Infection: Causes and Risk Factors
HIV is caused by direct exposure to the HIV-1 or HIV-2 virus. The most common transmission pathways include:
- Unprotected sexual intercourse
- Sharing of contaminated needles or syringes
- Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
- Transfusion of HIV-contaminated blood or blood products
Risk increases with multiple sexual partners, lack of testing, and absence of preventive measures like PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis).
When to Seek Medical Attention?
You should consult a healthcare provider if you:
- Have persistent flu-like symptoms after potential HIV exposure
- Notice unexplained weight loss or extreme fatigue
- Engage in high-risk behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex or injection drug use)
- Experience neurological symptoms like confusion or memory issues
Related Terms
- Syphilis
- Gonorrhea
- AIDS
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- HIV
